![]() ![]() ![]() In June 2013, the revelations made by Edward Snowden, a former agent of the National Secret Agency (NSA), concerning the United States’ intelligence programs reinvigorated legal and political debate around espionage activities by states. The development of new technologies and communication media has, likewise, heightened possibilities for mass surveillance. After the 9/11 attacks, the issue of espionage has, indeed, gained new momentum due to the implementation of new augmented surveillance programs for the purpose of fighting terrorism. Recent studies, in particular, have started to question the compatibility of surveillance practices with human rights law. That being said, more critical writings also exist. This often resulted in a literature that defended the legality of intelligence-gathering activities as conducted by US agencies. American authors, most of whom held public office, dominated the field. The analyses provided then focused on general international law and on the principle of state sovereignty. It was only in the context of the Cold War-in light of various incidents that opposed the United States and the USSR-that authors started to take a real interest in interstate spying activities on land and sea, and in air and space. Moreover, until quite recently, the legal issues raised by espionage have largely been ignored by the doctrine. Only the status of spies in times of war is, in fact, subject to specific international rules. ![]() Although such operations are a very old and common practice, it is paradoxically not regulated by a single and coherent legal regime under international law. It should also be noted that, against common assumptions, the notion exclusively refers to the gathering of information and does not refer to covert operations carried out by secret services more generally. While for a long time espionage essentially took place in the physical space, in the 21st century, it primarily takes place in the cyberspace. This classical conception has evolved to also include surveillance programs implemented by intelligence agencies toward individuals as well as company-to-company industrial espionage. Interdiction Assault Ship, proposed vessel specially made for the role.International espionage consists of the access, on behalf of a state, to information that is held by another state and considered as confidential or strategic, in the military, security, or economic field.The scanned data was copied and sent out to an established comprehensive command and control connection (CnC) to a Chinese botnet that was terminated at the Shandong Lanxiang Vocational School located in China. These scanners are of the type used by many United States retailers and warehouses, as well as delivery services such as United Parcel Service and FedEx. In July 2014 it was reported that handheld shipping image scanners manufactured in China were found with pre-installed, weaponized malware which was capable of exfiltrating CRM data and financial data. The report also indicates that the NSA, in collaboration with the CIA and FBI, routinely and secretly intercepts shipping deliveries for laptops or other computer accessories, such as a computer monitor or keyboard cables with hidden wireless transmitters bugs built-in for eavesdropping on video and keylogging. According to Der Spiegel, the NSA's TAO group is able to divert shipping deliveries to its own "secret workshops" in a method called interdiction, where agents load malware onto the electronics or install malicious hardware that can give US intelligence agencies remote access. The term interdiction is also used by the NSA when an electronics shipment is secretly intercepted by an intelligence agency (domestic or foreign) for the purpose of implanting bugs before they reach their destination. The term interdiction is also used in criminology and law enforcement, such as in the U.S. The former refers to operations whose effects are broad and long-term tactical operations are designed to affect events rapidly and in a localized area. A distinction is often made between strategic and tactical interdiction. Interdiction is a military term for the act of delaying, disrupting, or destroying enemy forces or supplies en route to the battle area. ![]()
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